Slater's Commercial Directory of Durham, Northumberland & Yorkshire, 1855 - Page 7 |
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DURHA • T IDS ]::t lii maritime county, bounded on the east side, from the mouth of the !'ivel' Tees to Tynemouth, by the German Ocean ; on the north, by the county of Northumberland; on the west by that of Cnmberland and a small part of W estmoreland ; and on the south by Yorkshire. The greatest extent of the county, from Shields on the north-east to Sockburn on the south, is about thirty-six miles ; its greatest length, from the peninsula of Hartlepool on the east to the mouth ofthe Crookburn on the west (at the point where the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland meet this county), is about forty-five miles; its circumference is nearly 180, and its superficial contents, according to the trigonometrical survey", are 1,0!!7 square miles, or about 702,080 statute acres ; of which 200,000 are in pasturage, 100,000 tillage. and the remainder in woodland or unreclaimable. In size Durham ranks as the twentieth English county. EARLY HISTORY.-This part of England was anciently inhabited by the llriguntes-a tribe of Britons di'3tinguished by Tacitus as being powerful, brave and numerous, but they were subdued by the Romans, who included Durham within the divi::;ion of M a<vlm!J C(l!sm·iemis; and the Saxons made it part of the kingdom of Northumbria, with which it continued to be connected till the union of the Saxon States under Egbert. The county suffered severely, at different periods, by the incursions of the Danes and Scots, who repeatedly ravaged the district ; it likewise formed the arena of numerous conflicts between the latter people and the English forces. One of the most memorable battles was that of Nevill's Cross, fought in Or.tober 1:1-!6, between David, King of Scotland, and Phillippa, spouse of Edward III, assisted by Lord Nevill--when the Scots were defeated, with the loss of from tifteen to twenty thousand men, and David himself taken prisoner. In the parliamentary war Durham signalized itself by its attachment to the royal cause} and was one of the seven northern counties which, in 1648, opposed Cromwell's, measures, after t.he king had been betrayed by the Scots into the hands of his enemies. So1 L, PRonucF. and CLIMATE.-The general aspect of Durham is hilly and mountainous, particularly the west angle, which is a bleak region-crossed by the ridge of hills termed the' English Appenines '; the eastern and central parts include some beautiful and fertile valleys, interspersed with hill and dale. The SOILS are various: near the river Tees, and in some spots bordering the other river9 and brooks, the soil is loamy, or a rich clay ; at a further distance from the watersi the soil is of a poorer nature, commonly termed 'water shaken,' with spots of gravel intermixed. Tte hil s between the sea and an imaginary line drawn from Barnard Castle to Alansford, arc, for the most part; covered with a dry loam, the fertility of which varies in proportion to its depth ; from this line west, the summits as well as thE sides of the hills are moorish • wastes. The county possessing such diversity of soil, the PRODULE is of course proportionably various. As an agricultural shire, Durham, though not ranking with the most valuable in the kingdom, is by no means unimportant in its productions under this head : the eastern and central districts are alternately appropriated to the growth of corn and to pasturage ; wheat, barley, oats, and pease are the chief products-but the harvests are hazardous, and the crops precarious in value. Mustard cultivation, for which Durham was formerly famed, has greatly declined. The cattle of Durham are in great repute-not being inferior to any in England for form, weight, quickness in fattening, or value to the dairy; the sheep, in general, are the improved Tees-water breed. The woodlands are not of any considerable extent, and are mostly con lined to the parks and seats of the nobility ; the banks of the rivers and brooks are, however, fringed with wood of long growth, particularly in the vicinity of the city ; the best wooded part is the vale o:f Derwent. The CLIMATE is esteemed healthy; and, although the air is sharp in the western parts, it is mild and g-euialtoward. s the sea, the saline vapour from the,. German Ocean mitigating the cold. MANUFACTURES, Mll'oiES and MINERAL!i>.-The MANUFACTURES of this county are numerous, various,aud important. At Durham are manufactured worsteds, carpets, waistcoatings and paper ; at Darlington, stuffs, carpets and coarse linens-as also tlax spinning, grinding optical glasses, and iron works ; at South Shields are foundries, potteries, cl1emical works, and salt works ; at Stockton, Sunderland and South Shields, sailcloths, glass, and othl'r articles are manufactured ; at South Shields, Sunderland and Hartlepool are ship build1ng yards ; and cottons are manufactured in several districts-whilst in others there are extensive iron foundries, and works for making steel proper for sword blades. MlNES and MI NEI{ALs.-The east and north-east parts of the county are famous for their extensive coal mines: there are also collieries in the western and southern parts. In the vicinity ofW olsingham a beautiful black spotted limestone is procured, which is wrought into hearths, chimney-pieces, and various ornaments. Superior millstone and many eicellent quarries of slate n,nd firestone, are found in different parts of the county ; and Gateshead Fell produces what have long obtained the appellation of' Newcastle grind.stoues.' The western angle abounds in mines of lead and iron, which extends to the northern part of the county, terminating in the vast coal field between the Tyne and the \V ear. • RIVERS, SPBINGS, RAILWAYS, &c.-The principal RIVERS in this county are the TEES, the WEAR, the D~>RWP.NT, and the Tnm. The Tees rises on the vast moor district wherein the counties of York, Cumberland \Vestmoreland, Durham, and N orthnmberland unite, and ftows south -east through the romantic valley of Teesdale for nearly thirty miles, when, suddenly turning to the north-east at Sockburn, it falls into the German Ocean below Stockton, and is affected as high at that town by the tide as to admit ships of considerable burden. The waters forming the 'V ear have the same local origin as the Tees; but flowing considerably b the north of that river, it crosses the central part of the county, and loses itself in the sea near Sunderland ; it is navigable as far as Lumley Castle, from whence great quantities of coal are conveyed to the formt:r plact>. The Derwent rises in the sa.me district as the two former rivers, north of the Wear, anc! pursues nearly a parallel course with that stream, but give!' animation to a. wild mountainous tract on the norfn border of the county, till it falls into the Tyne near Swallwell. The Tyne forms the northern boundary of Durham, and is navig:1ble to a short distance above Newcastle. At Birtley is s singular and productive salt spring, and :tt Butterby, near Durham city, is another of the same nature, issuing from a rock m the rive!' "\Yt!ar. This county is closely intersected by Railways; the greater portion, however, are for local convenience, as connected with the workings ofnumerous coal mines and th~ ports of shipment. The Darlingtoa and Stockton Railway commences about four miles to the west of West Auckland, and runs to Darlington and Stockton, with a continuous line to Middlesborough. The Clarence Railway issues from the Da.rlington line, near School Ayclitfe, passing by Billingham to Port Clarenee, and on the north west to Bishop Auckland :md North Bedborn. From Billingham the Clarence and Hartlepool Union line proceeds to the last named port ; while, two miles to the Wl'st of Billingha.m, a branch goes to Stockton. The Hartlepool Junetion communicates with the York and Newcastle, and likewise with the \Vest Durham. The Durham aild Sunderland descends from the last named port to Brandon, two miles south of Durham. The Stanhope and South Shields or Wear Valley 1, opens a. communication with the towns so named, and also with the city -of Dur;,:J.m. OtlH'r important lint'S effect reciprocal communication with the large towns of' Sunderland, North and South Shidds, Newcastle, Gateshead and Carlisle, thiB IB accomplished by the Carlisle and Nt>wcutle ;Railway; the Brandling Junction; and the Newo~tle alld Sllield,s, witb their various Jmw.c:Uea 1 1
Object Description
Rating | |
Title | Slater's Commercial Directory of Durham, Northumberland & Yorkshire, 1855 |
Full title | Slater's (late Pigot & Co.'s) Royal National Commercial Directory of the Northern Counties. Vol. I. Comprises the counties of Durham, Northumberland and Yorkshire, containing classified lists of the nobility, gentry and clergy, merchants, bankers, professional gentlemen, manufacturers and traders... [1855] |
Description | 8th edition. |
Subject | Historical directories |
Period covered | 1850-1859 |
Location |
United Kingdom -- England -- Durham United Kingdom -- England -- Northumberland United Kingdom -- England -- Yorkshire |
Place (county) |
Durham Northumberland Yorkshire |
Region |
North East England Yorkshire and the Humber |
Identifier | NCL14002 |
Language | English |
Publisher | Isaac Slater |
Date of publication | 1855 |
Type | Directory |
Format | |
Rights | You may use this item in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 UK: England & Wales License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/ |
Metadata Licence | You can re-use this metadata record under a Creative Commons Zero ‘no rights reserved’ licence: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ |
Download available | Yes |
Contact us | Please contact [email protected] for enquiries |
Collection | Historical directories |
Themes | Directory |
Description
Title | Slater's Commercial Directory of Durham, Northumberland & Yorkshire, 1855 - Page 7 |
Full title | Slater's (late Pigot & Co.'s) Royal National Commercial Directory of the Northern Counties. Vol. I. Comprises the counties of Durham, Northumberland and Yorkshire, containing classified lists of the nobility, gentry and clergy, merchants, bankers, professional gentlemen, manufacturers and traders... [1855] |
Description | 8th edition. |
Subject | Historical directories |
Period covered | 1850-1859 |
Location |
United Kingdom -- England -- Durham United Kingdom -- England -- Northumberland United Kingdom -- England -- Yorkshire |
Place (county) |
Durham Northumberland Yorkshire |
Region |
North East England Yorkshire and the Humber |
Publisher | Isaac Slater |
Date of publication | 1855 |
Type | Directory |
Collection | Historical directories |
Themes | Directory |
Full Text | DURHA • T IDS ]::t lii maritime county, bounded on the east side, from the mouth of the !'ivel' Tees to Tynemouth, by the German Ocean ; on the north, by the county of Northumberland; on the west by that of Cnmberland and a small part of W estmoreland ; and on the south by Yorkshire. The greatest extent of the county, from Shields on the north-east to Sockburn on the south, is about thirty-six miles ; its greatest length, from the peninsula of Hartlepool on the east to the mouth ofthe Crookburn on the west (at the point where the counties of Cumberland and Westmoreland meet this county), is about forty-five miles; its circumference is nearly 180, and its superficial contents, according to the trigonometrical survey", are 1,0!!7 square miles, or about 702,080 statute acres ; of which 200,000 are in pasturage, 100,000 tillage. and the remainder in woodland or unreclaimable. In size Durham ranks as the twentieth English county. EARLY HISTORY.-This part of England was anciently inhabited by the llriguntes-a tribe of Britons di'3tinguished by Tacitus as being powerful, brave and numerous, but they were subdued by the Romans, who included Durham within the divi::;ion of M a.-The MANUFACTURES of this county are numerous, various,aud important. At Durham are manufactured worsteds, carpets, waistcoatings and paper ; at Darlington, stuffs, carpets and coarse linens-as also tlax spinning, grinding optical glasses, and iron works ; at South Shields are foundries, potteries, cl1emical works, and salt works ; at Stockton, Sunderland and South Shields, sailcloths, glass, and othl'r articles are manufactured ; at South Shields, Sunderland and Hartlepool are ship build1ng yards ; and cottons are manufactured in several districts-whilst in others there are extensive iron foundries, and works for making steel proper for sword blades. MlNES and MI NEI{ALs.-The east and north-east parts of the county are famous for their extensive coal mines: there are also collieries in the western and southern parts. In the vicinity ofW olsingham a beautiful black spotted limestone is procured, which is wrought into hearths, chimney-pieces, and various ornaments. Superior millstone and many eicellent quarries of slate n,nd firestone, are found in different parts of the county ; and Gateshead Fell produces what have long obtained the appellation of' Newcastle grind.stoues.' The western angle abounds in mines of lead and iron, which extends to the northern part of the county, terminating in the vast coal field between the Tyne and the \V ear. • RIVERS, SPBINGS, RAILWAYS, &c.-The principal RIVERS in this county are the TEES, the WEAR, the D~>RWP.NT, and the Tnm. The Tees rises on the vast moor district wherein the counties of York, Cumberland \Vestmoreland, Durham, and N orthnmberland unite, and ftows south -east through the romantic valley of Teesdale for nearly thirty miles, when, suddenly turning to the north-east at Sockburn, it falls into the German Ocean below Stockton, and is affected as high at that town by the tide as to admit ships of considerable burden. The waters forming the 'V ear have the same local origin as the Tees; but flowing considerably b the north of that river, it crosses the central part of the county, and loses itself in the sea near Sunderland ; it is navigable as far as Lumley Castle, from whence great quantities of coal are conveyed to the formt:r plact>. The Derwent rises in the sa.me district as the two former rivers, north of the Wear, anc! pursues nearly a parallel course with that stream, but give!' animation to a. wild mountainous tract on the norfn border of the county, till it falls into the Tyne near Swallwell. The Tyne forms the northern boundary of Durham, and is navig:1ble to a short distance above Newcastle. At Birtley is s singular and productive salt spring, and :tt Butterby, near Durham city, is another of the same nature, issuing from a rock m the rive!' "\Yt!ar. This county is closely intersected by Railways; the greater portion, however, are for local convenience, as connected with the workings ofnumerous coal mines and th~ ports of shipment. The Darlingtoa and Stockton Railway commences about four miles to the west of West Auckland, and runs to Darlington and Stockton, with a continuous line to Middlesborough. The Clarence Railway issues from the Da.rlington line, near School Ayclitfe, passing by Billingham to Port Clarenee, and on the north west to Bishop Auckland :md North Bedborn. From Billingham the Clarence and Hartlepool Union line proceeds to the last named port ; while, two miles to the Wl'st of Billingha.m, a branch goes to Stockton. The Hartlepool Junetion communicates with the York and Newcastle, and likewise with the \Vest Durham. The Durham aild Sunderland descends from the last named port to Brandon, two miles south of Durham. The Stanhope and South Shields or Wear Valley 1, opens a. communication with the towns so named, and also with the city -of Dur;,:J.m. OtlH'r important lint'S effect reciprocal communication with the large towns of' Sunderland, North and South Shidds, Newcastle, Gateshead and Carlisle, thiB IB accomplished by the Carlisle and Nt>wcutle ;Railway; the Brandling Junction; and the Newo~tle alld Sllield,s, witb their various Jmw.c:Uea 1 1 |
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